Journal articles: 'Ore deposits - Europe - Bibliography' – Grafiati (2024)

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Introduction The Tethyan mountain ranges stretch from northwestern Africa and western Europe to the southwest Pacific Ocean and constitute the longest continuous orogenic belt on Earth. It is an extremely fertile metallogenic belt, which includes a wide diversity of ore deposit types formed in very different geodynamic settings, which are the source of a wide range of commodities mined for the benefit of society (Janković, 1977, 1997; Richards, 2015, 2016). There are other ore deposit types in this segment of the Tethyan metallogenic belt that are not covered in this special issue, such as bauxite and Ni laterite deposits (Herrington et al., 2016), ophiolite-related chromite deposits (Çiftçi et al., 2019), sedimentary exhalative and Mississippi Valley-type deposits (Palinkaš et al., 2008; Hanilçi et al., 2019), or deposits related to surficial brine processes (Helvacı, 2019).

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The latest information on geological and structural position and geological structure of deposits of rich iron ores of the Belozerskyi iron ore district is summarized, and the state of their industrial development is characterized. During the exploitation of the Pivdenno-Bilozirske and Pereverzivske deposits, due to geological study, mining exploration and additional exploration of deep horizons, specialized and feasibility study a significant amount of new geological data has been received. This data allowed to clarify the position, morphology and internal structure of ore bodies, qualitative, physical and mechanical properties of ores and enclosing rocks, hydrogeological, geological, engineering and mining conditions. The article presents the results of the analysis and interpretation of the latest geological information and actual data on the mine development of deposits – modern views on the geological structure of objects, the characteristics of the basic natural conditions and parameters that affect the efficiency of industrial mining of rich iron ores. The state of geological prospecting in the region is very uneven. The most studied are the Pivdenno-Bilozirska and Pereverzivska fields, which are currently being developed. The rich iron ores of these deposits are classified as high quality in both Ukraine and Europe. These ores do not require beneficiation and are suitable for agglomeration and open-hearth process. This circ*mstance helps to reduce the cost of mining and increase the commercial efficiency. For the mine development of both deposits, a common infrastructure is used – permanent mine openings, mine shafts, support facilities and services. Joint development of the deposits will ensure the long-term stable operation of the plant without reducing the production of rich iron ores. The deposits are characterized by difficult mining and technical operating conditions. The ore deposits are covered by a cover up to 250–350 meters of loose water-saturated sedimentary deposits. The iron ore strata and the host rocks have heterogeneous physical and mechanical properties. Iron ores are mined using a productive level-room system. Empty rooms are filled consolidating stowing. The advanced drainage and continuous groundwater withdrawal from mines are used in the mining process. The progressive system of iron ores mining ensures: preservation of the productivity and quality of aquifers, which are used for municipal water supply; preservation of the earth’s surface from avalanches and landslides in the mining area; stable environmental conditions at the plant area and in the surrounding area; efficiency and completeness of extraction of iron ores from the bowels; the optimal level of economic indicators of the enterprise.

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The main activity of the Talvivaara Mining Company Plc. is the development and exploitation ofthe Talvivaara deposits in Sotkamo, Finland using bioheapleaching. The Talvivaara deposits comprise one of the largest known sulphide nickel resources in Europe with 1004 million tonnes of ore, sufficient to support anticipated production for a minimum of 45 years. The mine started in late 2008 and will have an annual nickel output of approximately 50,000 tons when it reaches full production. In addition, the mine will also produce zinc (approximately 90,000 tpa), copper (approximately 15,000 tpa) and cobalt (approximately 1,800 tpa) as by-products of the process. The viability of bioheapleaching technology for the extraction of nickel has been demonstrated in a large on-site pilot trial using Talvivaara ore. The three year pilot has shown that the leaching process also works well in the subarctic climatic conditions of Eastern Finland.

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Several deposits of low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores have been discovered in recent decades in the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex located in the Kola Region (Murmansk Oblast) of Russia. The deposits are divided into two types: reef-style, associated with the layered central portions of intrusions, and contact-style, localized in the lower parts of intrusions near the contact with the Archean basem*nt. The Kievey and the North Kamennik deposits represent the first ore type and are confined to the North PGE Reef located 600–800 m above the base of the West Pana Intrusion. The reef is associated with a horizon of cyclically interlayered orthopyroxenite, gabbronorite and anorthosite. The average contents of Au, Pt and Pd in the Kievey ore are 0.15, 0.53 and 3.32 ppm, respectively. The North Kamennik deposit has similar contents of noble metals. The Fedorova Tundra deposit belongs to the second ore type and has been explored in two sites in the lower part of the Fedorova intrusion. Mineralization is mainly associated mainly with taxitic or varied-textured gabbronorites, forming a matrix of intrusive breccia with fragments of barren orthopyroxenite. The ores contain an average of 0.08 ppm Au, 0.29 ppm Pt and 1.20 ppm Pd. In terms of PGE resources, the Fedorova Tundra is the largest deposit in Europe, hosting more than 300 tons of noble metals.

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Greece’s geology favours a potent and dynamic use of mineral resources, which became a major incentive of the country’s mining business, and economic and social growth. Among the Non-Energy Metallic Minerals (NEMM) commodities, base and precious metals, in particular copper and gold, is becoming an increasingly important and rapidly growing target of the mining industry. In the region of central Macedonia, where most of their deposits are hosted, the NEMM occur in a wide range of genetic types related to Alpine orogenic and subduction related ore forming processes extending from Mesozoic to Cenozoic times, and culminating during the Tertiary (Arvanitidis and Amov, 2006). From the global metallogenetic point of view the post-Alpine Tertiary geodynamic systems in SE Europe are potential in producing high-grade ore deposits of base and precious metal sulphide minerals. The classification of NEMM mineralizations to specific genetic types, along with the geological knowledge available, is contributing (a) to more efficient exploration and prospect evaluation (b) to safer assessment of ore potential and economic perspectives (c) to rational management of resource production, and (d) in applying sustainable development practices.

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The rich copper ore deposits in the Eastern Alps have long been considered as important sources for copper in prehistoric Central Europe. It is, however, not so clear which role each deposit played. To evaluate the amount of prehistoric copper production of the various mining regions it was attempted to link prehistoric metal artefacts with copper ores based on the geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits that have been exploited in ancient times. More than 120 ore samples from the well known mining districts Mitterberg, Viehhofen, Kitzbühel and Schwaz/Brixlegg have been analysed so far (lead isotope ratios, trace elements). Furthermore, about 730 archaeological copper/bronze artifacts were investigated and analysed. These results were combined with analytical data generated by previous archaeometallurgical projects in order to compile a substantial database for comparative studies. In the Early Bronze Age, most metal artifacts were made of copper or bronze with fahlore impurity patterns and most finds from this period match excellently the fahlore deposits in Schwaz and Brixlegg. At the end of the Early Bronze Age, a new variety of copper with lower concentrations of impurities appeared. The impurity patterns of these finds match the ores from the Mitterberg district. In the Middle Bronze Age, this variety of copper Dominated while in the Late Bronze Age fahlores from Schwaz and Brixlegg experienced a comeback. The reason for this may be a decline of the chalcopyrite mines or a rising demand for copper which could not be covered by the chalcopyrite mines alone. The finds of the Early Iron Age are of similar composition and continue the traditions of the Late Bronze Age.

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Purpose is to identify process engineering of mining under the Late Bronze age (18th-13th centuries BCE) in the context of copper deposits in the Eastern Ukraine. Among other things, it concerns analysis of manufacturing artifacts (i.e. ore production and preparation) in Kartamysh archeological area within the copper-ore territory of Bakhmut basin of Donbas. Methods. Following methods have been applied: a comparative historical method supported by typological archaeological approach; statistical procedures; engineering and geological methods to determine extraction volumes and evaluate copper ore extraction from the mines in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as structural and technologic analysis; functional and typological analysis; traceological analysis; experimental modelling; and carbon dating. Findings. Analysis of the specialized mining artifacts in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as mining artifacts within other copper-ore deposits in Bakhmut basin, extracted actively under the Late Bronze age, has made it possible to consider newly a number of important issues connected with process engineering of mining, specialization and labour division of ancient miners as well as evaluate significance of Donbas copper mines for the system of metal production development in the Eastern Europe of the second millennium BCE. Originality.Analysis of Kartamysh archaeological area, where the majority of business performance objects are connected with mining, has helped the authors consider specialization of the industrial systems (i.e. different-purpose mine workings, various mining tools, and areas to prepare ore) right from the viewpoint of the production method. Since similar situation is typical for other Donets complex artifacts, being involved in scientific terminology as the mining and smelting one, it would be more reasonable to represent it as Donets ore mining system owing to its specialization in the integrated copper ore extraction and preparation. Practical implications.The research results develop the history of mining science and engineering inclusive of ancient mining history in the Eastern Ukraine. They may be applied to train mining experts and in the process of creation of museum exhibitions (looking ahead, creation of Kartamysh skansen) while synthesizing technical and humanitarian aspects of engineering activities.

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Subduction related Miocene porphyry type deposits are found in the east-west trending Chagai magmatic belt (CMB) in Pakistan's western margin, Balochistan. This arc exists on the west segment of the Tethyan metallogenic belt in the south-west of Pakistan. Tethyan metallogenic belt is widely spread over 12,000 km from east to west direction from Indochina, Tibet, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey and Alpine mountain range in Europe. During the last thirty to forty years several porphyry deposits have been reported in the Chagai magmatic arc, including the very large Reko Diq H14-H15, large Saindak, Tanjeel, H35, H8 and medium Dasht-e-Kain porphyry deposits and many small porphyry copper deposits. These porphyry deposits were developed within the phase of calc-alkaline type magmatism in the Chagai arc. Tonalite, quartz diorite, and monzonite host the porphyry deposits within the adjacent sedimentary wall rock units of Sinjrani Volcanic Group, Juzzak, Saindak, and Amalaf Formations. The concentric zonal pattern of hydrothermal alteration in these porphyry deposits of the Chagai magmatic arc follows the world's major porphyry deposits' alteration pattern. Zones of hydrothermal alteration from distal to proximal part includesa potassic alteration, sericitic-clay-chlorite alteration, sericitic alteration, argillic alteration and propylitic alteration. Major ore mineralization in these deposits is of copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, and minor constituents of other base metals that have been reported to occur within hydrothermal alteration zones in the Miocene porphyry Chagai magmatic arc

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AbstractStemming from an examination of the zinc industry in early modern China, this article centers on a detailed survey of coal, the primary source of energy for processing zinc. On the basis of Qing archival documents, this article investigates the previously unknown spatial relationship of zinc ore deposits, coal mines, and zinc smelters; provides quantitative evidence of coal use by estimating the annual consumption of coal in processing zinc; offers a new perspective on the general use of coal in Qing China; and compares the coal-fuel efficiency problem in early European and Chinese zinc production.

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AbstractDuring the earliest Jurassic, a widespread hydrothermal event occurred in western Europe producing large veins and stratiform F-Ba-Pb-Zn ore deposits. Previous work argued about genetic processes involving circulation of mineralising brines. Two main alternative genetic models are proposed. The first one proposes a convection of brines through the crust to produce ore deposits, the second an early infiltration of brine in the basem*nt followed by expulsion during Mesozoic extension. In the northern French Massif Central, new data on the F-Ba Chaillac deposit suggest that the genesis of these mineralising brines requires a new discussion.Located in the northern French Massif Central, the Chaillac barite and fluorite ore deposit is an exceptional site where a stratiform deposit is rooted onto a vein. The ore deposition is split in two stages: 1) precipitation of green and purple fluorite within the vein (Fg-p stage), with associated fluid inclusions indicating 135°C for deposition from a low salinity fluid, and 2) yellow fluorite and barite stage (Fy-Ba) filling the vein and forming the stratiform deposit. Fluid inclusions depict a mineralising brine at 110°C. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios measured in the fluorite are compared to those of French Massif Central rocks. The ratios in green and purple fluorite are similar to those of monzogranite and granodiorite of the basem*nt; those measured in yellow fluorite involve the granulites and other metamorphic rocks of the basem*nt. Measurements of the Sr isotopic ratio and δ34SCDT in barite and δD in fluorite fluid inclusions suggest a deposition process by the mixing of a hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water.At the scale of the northern Massif Central district, the successive hydrothermal fluid salinities are highly contrasted as in Chaillac deposit. We propose that the two types of hydrothermal fluids have been produced by the boiling of a single fluid at depth.

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Copper raw materials have not been identified as a critical raw material for the economy of the European Union (EU). Demand for metal for use within the EU is satisfied mainly by imports of raw materials in various processing stages and from recycling. Imports include not only copper concentrates, but also refined metals, alloys, and intermediate and finished products. In terms of EU imports, mining supplies represent a minor share of demand. It is likely that copper demand will grow in the coming decades and that global as well as European reserves of copper will be depleted more rapidly. For Europe, no complete and harmonised dataset presenting estimates of total EU copper resources and reserves exists, with the exception of the attempted Minerals4EU project. In colloquial language, many imprecise concepts aim at describing reality. Classic probability tools cannot be used to describe imperfect information. There are no sharp thresholds between the boundaries of many measurements; instead, smooth transitions are observed. This gradation between full and partial membership and non-membership is not included in classical set theory; thus, the capacity for describing such effects is provided by fuzzy set theory. An attempt is made in the present paper at a fuzzy description of the copper reserve base in the EU countries. The basic terminology of fuzzy sets is presented and useful logical operators are indicated. The copper reserve base in the EU countries was assessed in relation to world reserves and an appraisal of this base within these countries was carried out.

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Abstract. Across Europe, small scale deposits of critical materials and/or strategic elements, such as W, Li and Sn, are not viable to mine and process using the traditional large scale mining and processing technologies due to their geological characteristics. Project FAME (Flexible And Mobile Economic Processing Technologies, EC Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No. 641650) was created in order to specifically address the technical and environmental challenges to the sustainable processing of low sulphide ores from pegmatites, greisens and skarns deposits. One of the deposits, Alvarrões-Gonçalo, is a Li pegmatite located at the Gonçalo pegmatite field (Central Portugal) that is being investigated on the scope of the concerned project. Currently, the pegmatites are only being exploited for ceramics, aggregates and ornamental purposes, however, there is exploitation potential for Li2O-rich ores. Froth flotation is being tested to produce a lepidolite concentrate. Results showed the feasibility to obtain a Li2O grade adequate for the metallurgical production of lithium compounds as Li2CO3. The lepidolite flotation rejects, normally stored in tailings dumps, are mainly composed by a mixture of feldspars, quartz and non-recovered lepidolite (though a very low content), which is, by itself, a very interesting raw material for ceramic purposes. Consequently, mining exploitation of lepidolite, as Li2O ore, from pegmatite could comply with the standards of “green mining”, reaching an almost “zero waste” exploitation, as it can be accomplished in the case of the mineral processing of the Alvarrões-Gonçalo lithium ore. This basic scenario could be improved by applying froth flotation also for feldspars/quartz separation, aiming at obtaining a high content feldspars concentrate (floated) and a quartz product (non-floated): the feldspars concentrate can be used to produce blends with different ratios feldspars/quartz for sanitary ware and tiles and quartz for other uses, such as glasses and “silica flour”.

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The Kupferschiefer stratiform copper deposits in central Europe have long been considered a classic example of syngenetic mineralization. However, metal zoning and host-rock relationships determined during exploration around the recently discovered Lubin district orebodies in southwest Poland suggest that the ore may instead be late diagenetic. The mineralization occurs as thin, extensive blankets of sulphides in the pyritic, organic-rich basal units of the Late Permian Zechstein restricted marine sequence and in the eolian Weissliegendes sandstone at the top of the Early Permian Rotliegendes continental rift sequence of bimodal volcanic rocks and redbeds. It is directly underlain and controlled by irregular, oval zones of Rote Fäule (RF), a barren oxidized and reddened portion of the normally dark grey, pyritic basal Zechstein rocks. In plan view, the metals occur as successive belts enriched in copper (+ silver), lead, and zinc, which developed laterally from and encircle the RF zones. The ore transgresses the depositional strike of the basal Zechstein and can occur in any sedimetary facies. In section, the ore cuts across sedimentary layering from the Zechstein limestone down through the Kupferschiefer shale (Ks) into the sand stone below. Framboidal, presumably very early diagenetic, pyrite is the dominant sulphide above and lateral to the ore zones; over most of the basin, the Ks is pyritic and not anomalously high in metals compared with similar shale elsewhere. In the ore bodies, Cu, Ag, Pb, and Zn are significantly above the typical background contents, implying that these metals have been introduced. Metal contents in the RF are within the range of background contents of the Ks, suggesting that the metal source is external to the Ks. The RF–copper zones are coincident with underlying buried basem*nt highs and occur only above Rotliegendes sediments with underlying volcanic rocks, indicating a possible genetic connection. The metal zones generally dip away from the highs toward the basin centres, suggesting convective, rather than throughgoing, fluid flow. Sulphides, as disseminations and streaks, commonly replace earlier calcite cement and lenses, lithic fragments, and quartz grains. Horizon tal and vertical dilatant veinlets of calcite and copper sulphides appear to have formed after lithification and contemporaneously with the disseminations and streaks, but not by remobilization of existing sulphides. The veinlet orientations are believed to be Kimmerian age (mid-Triassic to Late Jurassic), and the orebodies are cut and displaced, but not remobilized, by fractures and dikes of inferred Alpine (Cretaceous) age. Published sulphur-isotope ratios indicate that the copper sulphides were not formed in isotopic equilibrium with the pyrite, but adequate sulphur- and lead-isotope information on the ore deposits is not available to support an early or late diagenetic timing. The paleomagnetic age of the stable chemical remanence of the RF is Middle Triassic, supporting a late diagenetic origin of the ore coincident with a second rifting event. On account of these asso ciations and controls, it is proposed that the RF–ore systems were formed by converting Na–Ca–CI Rotliegendes formational brines. The metals were leached from the Rotliegendes volcanic detritus and carried in solution as chloride complexes through the redbeds up the flanks of the buried basem*nt highs to the reduced pyritic Ks above. The fluids oxidized the original Ks pyrite to form the Rote Fäule, and the ore sulphides were precipitated on the far side of this subhorizontal oxidation–reduction front. This late diagenetic mineralizing event likely occurred during the Triassic, when rapid burial and increased heat flow, associated with the opening of the Tethys ocean to the south, generated natural gases and vertical fractures in the Ks and increased convective fluid velocities in the Rotliegendes basins.

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The strategic importance of tantalum and its scarcity in Europe makes its recovery from low grade deposits and tailings interesting. In Penouta, the contents of Ta and Sn in old tailings from an Sn mine are of economic interest. Due to the relatively low grade of Ta of around 100 ppm, a detailed study of the mineralogy and liberation conditions is necessary. In this study, the mineralogy and the liberation characteristics of Sn and Ta ores of the Penouta tailings were investigated and compared with the current leucogranite outcropping ores. The characterization was conducted through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe. In addition, automated mineralogy techniques were used to determine the mineral associations and liberation characteristics of ore minerals. The grade of the leucogranite outcropping was found to be about 80 ppm for Ta and 400 ppm for Sn, and in the tailings used for the liberation study, the concentrations of Ta and Sn were about 100 ppm Ta and 500 ppm Sn, respectively. In both, the leucogranite outcropping and tailings, the major minerals found were quartz, albite, K-feldspar, and white mica. Ore minerals identified were columbite-group minerals (CGM), microlite, and cassiterite. The majority of CGM examined were associated with cassiterite, quartz, and muscovite particle compositions and cassiterite was mainly associated with CGM, quartz, and muscovite. The liberation size was 180 µm for CGM.

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AbstractFluid inclusion data and geochemical evidence lead to a genesis of Ba-F (Pb-Zn) lodes of the Spanish Central System as related to fluid mixing of hot (>300 °C), low saline (<0.6 molal), Na-K deep fluids and cool (<100 °C), oxidized, more saline (>2.8 molal), Na-K-Ca-Mg brines of phraeatic origin. Ore formation took place at relative low depth and temperatures (from 270 to 120 °C) in a regime of increasing fO2, (Ca + Mg)/Na ratio and pH of the fluids towards the surface. Such evolution destabilizes the chloride metal complexes, allowing for the precipitation of Zn and Pb carried by the deep solution.Vertical fluorite-baryte zonation is explained in terms of mineral solubilities. Fluorite deposition in the deeper mineralized zone is related to a slight increase of mCa2+ of the fluid in the lower part of the fluid mixing zone; further increase of mCa2+ and mMg2+ towards the surface promotes fluorite dissolution. Increase of fO2 in the shallow part of the hydrothermal system promotes the oxidation of , resulting in baryte formation.We propose an ore genesis related to fluid mixing in shallow hydrothermal systems associated with an extension of Permo-Triassic age. Such interpretation is in agreement with the present day ideas for the genesis of many of the Ba-F deposits in the Hercynian Belt of Europe.

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The SW Sardinian basem*nt hosts various ore deposits linked to geological processes active from Cambrian to post-Variscan times. In particular, the Southern Arburèse district hosts several granite-related W-Sn-Mo deposits and a 10 km-long system of Ni-Co-As-Bi-Ag ± Au bearing five-element veins. New investigations into the eastern and central parts of the district (Pira Inferida mine sector) were performed to understand the poorly documented spatial and metallogenic relationships between these systems. The granite-related deposits consist of massive wolframite-quartz (W-Bi-Te-Au) and molybdenite-quartz veins, linked to the early Permian (289 ± 1 Ma) Mt. Linas granite, that are cross-cut by the five-element veins. The wolframite-quartz veins, observed by optical and electron (SEM-EDS) microscopy, show abundant native Bi, Bi-Te phases and native Au suggesting a W-Bi-Te-Au hydrothermal system. The five-element veins exhibit breccia and co*ckade textures, enveloping clasts of the Ordovician host-rocks and locally small fragments of the earlier W-Mo-quartz veins. The five-element vein paragenesis includes three main stages, from older to younger: (1) native elements (Bi ± Au); (2) Ni-Co arsenides-sulfarsenides in quartz gangue; and (3) Pb-Zn-Cu ± Ag sulfides in siderite gangue. The mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic features of the five-element vein swarm are closely comparable to five-element deposits elsewhere in Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Italian Alps). While the source of Ni and Co is still unknown, the high Bi contents, as well as Au enrichment in the five-element veins, suggest selective remobilization of these elements, and perhaps others, from the granite-related W-Bi-Te-Au veins. The five-element vein system was likely formed during a post-289 ± 1 Ma and post-Variscan metallogenic event.

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The Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL) was set up in 1974 to discuss policies and to carry out activities that could be performed most effectively by national libraries, on the understanding that its work would be coordinated with the IFLA Section of National Libraries. Major projects have been concerned with such issues as the role of national libraries; machine-readable record transfer; financial management practices in national libraries; legal deposit and electronic publishing; a voucher system for international lending; and twinning of national libraries. Among its achievements have been the holding of an international conference on preservation; the creation of working groups on managing the preservation of serial literature, and on international lending of alternative format materials such as talking books; and the establishment of a Task Force on Issues Relating to Bibliographic Records. CDNL responded to the fire at the Library of the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad in 1988, thus fulfilling one of its initial aims of simplifying cooperation among library directors. CDNL's membership stands at well over 100. Regional CDNLs have been formed in Southern Africa, Europe, Asia/Oceania and Latin America.

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<p>In 2007 the special research program HiMAT - History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and adjacent areas, focussing on environment and human societies, was established at the University of Innsbruck as an interdisciplinary and international research project, sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). During late medieval and early modern times, the mining area of Schwaz in Tyrol became famous in Europe, due to the large scale exploitation of copper and silver bearing fahlores, going along with the development of high technologies in the field of mining and metallurgy. In that period, Schwaz was even called “the mother of all mines”.</p><p>In the area of Schwaz/Brixlegg the main focus of our research project is on early traces of copper mining and metallurgy dating back to the late Bronze Age. Such traces are still preserved, especially in boundary areas of the main ore deposits. On the basis of previous surveys a little valley called “Maukental” was chosen for archaeological investigations, because within this small area the entire copper production process of the late Bronze Age can be studied in detail. During the past two years, the Institute of Archaeology and Surveying and the Geoinformation Unit of the University of Innsbruck worked together in this area. One object of interest was a late Bronze Age ore dressing site situated in a former peat-bog. In this place the advantageous environment preserved fragile wooden structures and artefacts which could be digitally documented in the condition of retrieval.</p>

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Illite-rich size-fractions (<0.2, <0.4, 0.4-1, 0.4-2 and <2 µm) of Cambrian, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic calcschists, shales and dolostones from Pb-Zn ore-district of the southeastern French Massif Central were dated by the K-Ar method, and some by the Pb-Pb method after removal of the Pb external to the illite particles. The combined mineralogical and isotopic determinations show that illitization occurred successively at 285 ± 5, 240 ± 20, 185 ± 15, 140 ± 10 and 105 ± 5 Ma in the district. These tectonic-thermal pulses, which were also reported at a larger regional scale, did not systematically release Pb-mineralizing fluids. The mineralizing episodes seem to have only contributed to contemporaneous illitization and Pb precipitation at 191 ± 41 Ma, by Pb-Pb dating of illite, and at 105 ± 5 Ma in a reactivated fault containing illite mixed with Pb precipitates. The scatter of the Pb-Pb data suggests an incompletely equilibrated Pb isotopic signature when incorporated into the illite structure during crystallization. Pb-isotopic determinations of barren illite-type minerals provide new information about the circulation timing of the mineralizing hydrothermal fluids. The fluid migrations related to recurrent hydrothermal activities occurred within a segment of a continental margin that was located away from main rift zones and far (more than 500 km) from major orogenic zones of Western Europe. The lack of major geodynamic activities near metal deposits needs to hypothesize periodic migrations of hot -fluids in the underneath continental crust. Metals were concentrated at specific places, but not necessarily during each tectonic-thermal pulse recorded by illite. These tectonic-thermal activities confirm local geodynamic re-activations of previously occurring events with effects on local mass and heat transfers in the plutonic basem*nts, as well as in the sedimentary sequences.

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The Royal Library of Belgium, created in 1559, is the central research library of the country. The national library, which is one of its six departments, has two sections: Legal Deposit, and Belgian Bibliography and National Documentation. The fact that the area covered by Belgium was occupied in the past by several countries has resulted in a scattering over Europe of many of the library's treasures. Belgium became a federal state in 1994, consisting of three cultural communities and three physical regions, and four linguistic regions. It has also become the centre of the European Union. The new structure of the library does not however take into account the implications of the new constitution for the transfer to the communities of responsibilities in the field of cultural patrimony. The major objective of the library's management in the immediate future will be reconciling the library's structure with its new political and institutional framework. The administrative or physical separation of the function of National Library from the other functions of the Royal Library is now under consideration, but it could be difficult to realize. Technical facilities should be developed, as this is much more feasible. The future of the Royal Library might be seen as the virtual library of federal Belgium, ‘combining an on-site collection of current and heavily used materials in both print and electronic form with an electronic network which would provide access to, and delivery from, external worldwide library and commercial information and knowledge sources’.

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The increasing demand for green technology and battery metals necessitates a review of geological exploration techniques for Li–Cs–Ta (LCT) pegmatites, which is applicable to the work of mining companies. This paper reviews the main controls of LCT pegmatite genesis relevant to mineral exploration programs and presents a workflow of grassroots exploration techniques, supported by examples from central Europe and Africa. Geological exploration commonly begins with information gathering, desktop studies and Geographic Information System (GIS) data reviews. Following the identification of prospective regional areas, initial targets are verified in the field by geological mapping and geochemical sampling. Detailed mineralogical analysis and geochemical sampling of rock, soil and stream sediments represent the most important tools for providing vectors to LCT pegmatites, since the interpretation of mineralogical phases, deportment and liberation characteristics along with geochemical K/Rb, Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf metallogenic markers can detect highly evolved rocks enriched in incompatible elements of economic interest. The importance of JORC (Joint Ore Reserves Committee) 2012 guidelines with regards to obtaining geological, mineralogical and drilling data is discussed and contextualised, with the requirement of treating LCT pegmatites as industrial mineral deposits.

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One of the largest remaining unexploited iron ore deposits in Europe is the Kallak Iron Deposit in the province of Norrbotten in northern Sweden, where a significant Sámi population is located. Since 2011, the UK-based company, Beowulf Mining, has begun a large campaign for extraction in northern and southern Kallak. However, the Sámi of the region, together with environmentalists and non-Sámi individuals have drastically expressed their opposition blocking with various ways the processes. The Sámi being aware of the environmental risk have concerns about their ability to drive reindeer across the land, and the impact Beowulf’s operations are likely to have on the reindeer migratory patterns. Nowadays, seven years after the initial application for licensing, the approval of the application is still pending and Beowulf is pressing more and more the Swedish authorities for a final response in order to start extracting. Only the County Administrative Board of Norrbotten, despite its initial consent, still advocates for Sámi and their reindeer refusing to issue licensing for the British company. Accordingly, this article was designed as a descriptive study of the legal framework of the implementation of this endeavour addressing the legal arguments of both sides as they derive from a qualitative study of official documents, environmental reports, and relative articles of scholars. Concluding, the article illustrates the gaps of legal protection of indigenous land-rights in Sweden presenting their vulnerability to such kind of challenges.

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The turbulent history of Warsaw resulted in great losses in Polish zoological museums and archives especially during First and Second World War (Kazubski 1996; Fedorowicz & Feliksiak 2016). However, before 1939 Warsaw’s zoological collection deposited in the State Zoological Museum (now called: the Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw—MIZ PAS), especially the department of neotropics, used to be one of the best developed and well cataloged collections in Europe. There were also many holotypes of mammal species stored here after Polish expeditions to the neotropics. As a result of these events current bibliography and on-line databases (GBIF, VertNet) up to now did not mention the location of holotypes of collected taxa or even recognize them as missing (Ramírez-Chavez et al. 2014; Patton et al. 2015). We reviewed the collection to estimate the presence and status of the surviving descriptive types (holotypes). The aim of this study was to order our knowledge about the holotypes taking into account especially information about lost specimens and to explain the contradictory information about their status in the present. In 2015–2016 all type specimens in the MIZ PAS collection of neotropical mammals were revised. During revision relevant information from specimen labels was compared with the data provided in the original descriptions contained in publications from the end of nineteenth century (Taczanowski 1881; Thomas 1884; Stolzmann 1885; Thomas 1893; 1894). The results were compared with the collection databases of the Natural History Museum in London (http://data.nhm.ac.uk). Systematics and species nomenclature were followed by Wilson & Reeder (2005). Zoological nomenclature types were followed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The results of the revision are presented as a systematic list.

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The Bioshale project, involving 13 partners throughout Europe, is co-funded by the European Commission under the FP6 program. The main objective of this project (which started in October 2004) is to identify and develop innovative biotechnological processes for ‘’eco-efficient’’ exploitation of metal-rich, black shale ores. Three extensive deposits have been selected for R&D actions. These are: (i) a site (in Talvivaara, Finland) that, at the outset of the project, had not been exploited; (ii) a deposit (in Lubin, Poland) that is currently being actively mined, and (iii) a third site (in Mansfeld, Germany) where the ore had been actively mined in the past, but which is no longer exploited. The black shale ores contain base (e.g. copper and nickel), precious (principally silver) and PGM metals, but also high contents of organic matter that potentially handicap metal recovery by conventional techniques. The main technical aspects of the work plan can be summarized as: (i) evaluation of the geological resources and selection of metal-bearing components; (ii) selection of biological consortia to be tested; (iii) assessment of bioprocessing routes, including hydrometallurgical processing; (iv) techno-economic evaluation of new processes from mining to metal recovery including social, and (v) assessing the environmental impacts of biotechnological compared to conventional processing of the ores. An overview of the main results obtained to date are presented, with special emphasis on the development of bioleaching technologies for metal recovery that can be applied to multielement concentrates and black shale ores.

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Abstract The relative and absolute timing of orogenic gold deposits in complex structural settings are active and challenging topics of research, especially in Precambrian greenstone belts. The Suurikuusikko gold deposit in Central Lapland Greenstone Belt is currently the largest primary gold producing deposit in Europe, located on a slight bend of the strike-slip Kiistala shear zone (KiSZ). Gold is refractory and locked inside arsenopyrite and pyrite. In this study, different structural features were investigated along the KiSZ from the recently stripped Etelä pit, which is the southern extension of the Suurikuusikko ore body. Our data source ranges from aeromagnetic to high-resolution aerial images, X-ray computed tomography scans of selected rock samples and regional geological and geophysical datasets. The KiSZ has recorded five discrete deformation phases, spanning between ca. 1.92 and 1.76 Ga. The refractory gold at the Suurikuusikko deposit formed during E-W contraction related to the D1 thrusting phase. This was followed by a N-S shortening event (D2), where most of the strain was taken up by the northern and southern thrusts. Tectonic vectors then switched from N-S to NE-SW and, as a result, dextral strike-slip regime (D3) commenced along the KiSZ. This event exsolved invisible gold from the sulfides and remobilized it along with fractures. A near-orthogonal switch of the regional stress regime from NE-SW to NW-SE flipped the kinematics of the KiSZ from dextral to sinistral (D4). The last deformation phase (D5) produced widespread veining under E-W contraction and secured gold mineralization at the Iso-Kuotko gold deposit within the KiSZ.

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Abstract The Freiberg district hosts one of the largest series of epithermal polymetallic vein deposits in Europe. The availability of a systematic collection of historical samples provides an excellent opportunity to study the anatomy of these epithermal systems. Detailed petrographic investigations, geochemical analyses, and fluid inclusion studies were conducted on several vertical profiles within the Freiberg district to decipher mineralogical and geochemical zoning patterns. Six distinctive mineral associations have been recognized within the Freiberg epithermal veins; sphalerite-pyrite-quartz and galena-quartz±carbonate associations are most abundant in the central sector, as well as in the deepest sections of veins on the periphery of the district. A high-grade sphalerite-Ag-sulfides-carbonate association occurs laterally between the central and peripheral sectors and at intermediate depth in veins on the periphery. Shallow and peripheral zones are dominated by an exceptionally Ag-rich Ag-sulfides-quartz association, whereas the shallowest veins locally comprise Ag-poor stibnite-quartz and quartz-carbonate associations. Fluid inclusion assemblages returned low salinities (&lt;6.0 wt % NaCl equiv), and hom*ogenization temperatures successively decrease from ~320°C associated with the proximal and deep sphalerite-pyrite-quartz association, to ~170°C related to the distal and shallow Ag-sulfides-quartz association. The architecture of the Freiberg district is related to the temporal and spatial evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluid systems, including boiling and concomitant cooling, as well as CO2 loss. Constraints on the paleodepth indicate that the veins formed between 200 and 1,800 m below the paleowater table. High-grade Ag ore occurs over a vertical interval of at least 500 m and is bracketed by shallower stibnite-quartz and barren quartz, and deeper base metal-sulfide-quartz zones.

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The Cartagena-La Unión mountain range was the focus of an intense mining activity between early XIX and late XX centuries. Most of Spanish national production of lead and zinc was extracted from its mines. During the ore concentration process, contaminated wastes containing heavy metal minerals, cyanides and sulfates were produced and deposited in earth dams. The Spanish National Institute of Geology and Mining had catalogued 75 earth dams in the councils of Cartagena and La Unión. These deposits pose a potential risk for the environment and nearby populations. Without suitable and precautionary measures, contaminated particles can be transported far away due to the wind action and runoff water, and may be incorporated to the food chain. This risk is increase due to the fact that it is a seismically active area, and breakage of these dams can lead to the dumping of thousands of tons of contaminated wastes. The SOIL TAKE CARE Project is an international project co financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg Sudoe Cooperation Programme. It aims to improve the management and rehabilitation of contaminated soils in South-Western Europe that includes Spain, Portugal and south of France. The University of Oviedo takes part of that Project by the instrumentation and monitoring of two of those earth dams. Among the work realized so far highlights the perforation of two boreholes and the installation of several sensors. It aims a double objective: to analyze the erosion and infiltration capacity of rainfall into the dams and to detect possible symptoms of slope instability. Although the investigation is still in course, preliminary results shows fast rainfall infiltration into the superficial soil layers, being discharge curves much more extended. This water retention capacity, coupled with the existence of impermeable layers into the dams, could lead to a complete saturation of superficial soil layers and trigger slope instability processes.

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AbstractThe Celtic culture of Western Europe left magnificent gold objects, such as jewellery and weapons from nobility graves and hoarded coins, as well as field evidence of pre-Roman gold mining and metallurgical workshops that attest to the mining of local ores. This is the case of Central France where many precious metallic ores have been mined throughout the ages from the Prehistoric times onwards. One of the lingering problems in assessing the provenance of gold artefacts and coins is the lack of relevant data on the isotope geochemistry and mineralogy of ore sources. Forty gold ores samples were collected and studied from Limousin (French Massif Central), a very significant gold mining district from the Celtic times. Their Pb isotope compositions clearly show a local dichotomy i.e. two distinct groups of ores, one of Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic Pb model age and another associated to Variscan ages and consistent with field relationships, mineralogy and elemental analyses. The use of Cu and Ag isotopes, and their coupling with Pb isotopes, will refine the tracing of future metal provenance studies, but also highlight some metallurgical practices like deliberate metal additions to gold artefact or debasem*nt of gold coins. The newly acquired Pb, Ag, and Cu isotopic data on gold ores improves our understanding of ore deposits geology and provide clarifications on the provenance of Celtic gold from this area and its economic importance.