BLOOD TYPES and COMPATIBILITY
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Under the ABO Blood typing (grouping) scheme, there are two especially important antigens called A and B. Every living human has either one or both or neither of the red Blood cells. An individual with Blood group A is so because he has antigen A. Antigen B makes a person's Blood group B. If a person has both antigens, then they are in group AB. If they have neither, the Blood group is O.
Antibodies against these two antigens are found in Blood plasma. Some of the components of each Blood type act against other components.
For example, Blood groups A, B, AB and O have antigens A, B, A&B and 'none' respectively. The antibodies are anti B, anti A, 'none' and anti A + anti B.
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During the transfusion process, Blood matching must first be accurately done. How is Blood matched? Exactly what is Blood compatability. Why is my Blood compatible? For example if a person of Blood group A is given Blood from a donor from Blood group B, the anti B antibodies will stick to the B antigens on the donated red Blood cells entering their body. This makes a reaction that can be fatal. Therefore, exact matching is critical; possibly the difference between life and death!
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"..... In the past, a person with blood type O negative blood was considered to be a universal donor. It meant his or her blood could be given to anyone, regardless of blood type, without causing a transfusion reaction. This is no longer a relevant concept because of a better understanding of the complex issues of immune reactions related to incompatible donor blood cells."
- Mayo Clinic HealthOasis - Ask a Physician 08/09/2000 [full text available HERE]
Other than in extreme emergency conditions, donor Blood is checked for compatibility with the recipient's Blood (cross-matched) before it is transfused, regardless of Blood type. There are potentially important Blood cell factors other than the A, B, AB and O Blood groups and the Rh (Rhesus) factor that can lead to serious and in some cases, irreversible problems.
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There are some good reasons for a husband to not donate Blood to his wife during her childbearing years. During this time, a women who plans to become pregnant, receiving Blood from her husband may pose a small risk to the infants born of these pregnancies. If, after the Blood transfusion the woman develops an antibody to an antigen on the father's red Blood cells, and the subsequently born fetus inherits the father's red cell antigen, the antibody from the mother may enter the Bloodstream of the fetus causing destruction of fetal red Blood cells. This may cause serious anemia in the fetus and excessive jaundice in the infant after birth. This is a known major cause of brain damage. Special Blood transfusions, using selected red Blood cells that do not have the particular in-compatible and offending antigen, are available when this condition is pre-diagnosed. Of course, we suggest autologous Blood donation for the mother. However, for those mothers who are unable to make an autologous donation, the decision to select her husband as a donor should always take this risk under consideration, and specific consultation with your pediatrician on this subject is essential.
Having thoroughly confused the situation, study the following chart. It is presented as a general guideline, and to help make the facts more clear. The chart is correct, as a rule of thumb, barring anomalies 
Blood Typing Systems other than ABO
World Distribution of ABO Blood Types Chart
Geogeaphic Study of ABO Blood Type Distribution
African American Black Blood Donor Emergency
BLOOD TYPE COMPATIBILITY CHART ** | |||
Blood Type | Donor Can Be for..... | ||
Red Cells | Whole Blood | Plasma | |
| O + | O +; O - | O +; O - | any O; A; B or AB |
| O - | O - | O - | any O; A; B or AB |
| A + | any A +; A -; O + or O - | any A + or A - | any A or AB |
| A - | any A - or O - | A - | any A or AB |
| B + | any B +; B -; O + or O - | any B + or B - | any B or AB |
| B - | any B - or O - | B - | any B or AB |
| AB + | any AB +; AB -; A +; A -; B +; B -; O +; or O- | any AB + or AB - | any AB |
| AB - | any AB -; A -; B -, or O - | AB - | AB |
** NOTE: Recent Blood research indicates that, for instance, where a person with type O negative Blood was considered to be a 'universal donor,' this may no longer be correct, because of a better understanding of the complex issues of immune reactions related to incompatible donor Blood cells.
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